{
 "people": [
  {
   "name": "Lucy Shapiro",
   "summary": "Lucy Shapiro is a developmental biologist who chose Caulobacter crescentus to ask how a one-dimensional genetic code is translated into the three-dimensional organization of a cell. She was the founding chair of Stanford's Department of Developmental Biology in 1989 and is the Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor, Emerita, and director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. Her honors include the 2011 National Medal of Science and the 2025 Lasker~Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science.",
   "facts": [
    {
     "text": "A.B., cum laude, Brooklyn College (1962); Ph.D. in Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (1966).",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "Faculty member at Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1967–1986, rising to Professor and Chairman of Molecular Biology (1977–1986) and Director of the Division of Biological Sciences (1981–1986).",
     "source": "https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4316&name=Lucy_Shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "Professor and Chairman of Microbiology at Columbia University's College of Physicians & Surgeons, 1986–1989.",
     "source": "https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4316&name=Lucy_Shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "Moved to Stanford in 1989 as Professor of Developmental Biology and founding chairman of the Department of Developmental Biology (chair 1989–1997).",
     "source": "https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4316&name=Lucy_Shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "Virginia and D. K. Ludwig Professor, Emerita, and Director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine at Stanford.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "Senior Fellow at Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies (Center for International Security and Cooperation) since 1999.",
     "source": "https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4316&name=Lucy_Shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "In 1998 she was invited to speak to President Clinton's cabinet about biological warfare, and later advised the George W. Bush administration on bioterrorism and emerging infectious disease.",
     "source": "https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/pioneering-approach-to-bacterial-cell-biology-national-leadership/"
    },
    {
     "text": "With chemist Stephen Benkovic she established Anacor Pharmaceuticals in 2002 to develop boron-based anti-infectives; the company produced two FDA-approved topical drugs and was sold to Pfizer in 2016. She later co-founded Boragen (now 5Metis), focused on agricultural antifungals.",
     "source": "https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/pioneering-approach-to-bacterial-cell-biology-national-leadership/"
    },
    {
     "text": "Trained 71 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, more than 30 of whom became faculty members; the Lasker Foundation notes two dozen of them run Caulobacter labs.",
     "source": "https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/pioneering-approach-to-bacterial-cell-biology-national-leadership/"
    }
   ],
   "honors": [
    {
     "year": 1991,
     "name": "Elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 1992,
     "name": "American Academy of Arts and Sciences",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 1993,
     "name": "American Academy of Microbiology",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 1994,
     "name": "Elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 1994,
     "name": "FASEB Excellence in Science Award",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2003,
     "name": "Elected to the American Philosophical Society",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2005,
     "name": "Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2009,
     "name": "Canada Gairdner International Award",
     "source": "https://www.gairdner.org/winner/lucy-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2009,
     "name": "John Scott Legacy Medal and Premium (shared with Harley McAdams)",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/01/lucy-shapiro-to-be-awarded-national-medal-of-science.html"
    },
    {
     "year": 2010,
     "name": "ASM Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award",
     "source": "https://asm.org/getmedia/21a953ba-f4f1-44cb-b6e0-32ef4d5c0ab9/Past-ASM-Awardees.pdf"
    },
    {
     "year": 2011,
     "name": "National Medal of Science (Biology; presented February 1, 2013)",
     "source": "https://www.nsf.gov/honorary-awards/national-medal-science/recipients/lucy-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2012,
     "name": "Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize, Columbia University (shared with Richard Losick and Joe Lutkenhaus)",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2012/09/columbia-university-honors-shapiro-with-horwitz-prize.html"
    },
    {
     "year": 2013,
     "name": "ASCB Women in Cell Biology Lifetime Achievement Award",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2014,
     "name": "Pearl Meister Greengard Prize, Rockefeller University",
     "source": "https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/8732-stanfords-lucy-shapiro-to-receive-2014-pearl-meister-greengard-prize/"
    },
    {
     "year": 2020,
     "name": "Dickson Prize in Science, Carnegie Mellon University",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/lucille-shapiro"
    },
    {
     "year": 2025,
     "name": "Lasker~Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science",
     "source": "https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/pioneering-approach-to-bacterial-cell-biology-national-leadership/"
    }
   ],
   "contributions": [
    {
     "text": "Developed Caulobacter crescentus as a model for bacterial differentiation, using synchronized cultures to study a cell cycle that yields a stalked cell and a flagellated swarmer cell.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1126/science.173.4000.884"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Showed that bacterial proteins have specific subcellular addresses: newly made chemoreceptors localize to the nascent swarmer pole and are degraded in a temporally and spatially restricted way; chemoreceptor complexes cluster at the poles of E. coli.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1126/science.8456303",
      "10.1126/science.8456299"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Identified the essential response regulator CtrA and showed that its phosphorylation and cell type-specific proteolysis control the G1-to-S transition.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80995-2",
      "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80502-4"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Identified the cell cycle-regulated DNA methyltransferase CcrM, linking the methylation state of the chromosome to cell-cycle progression.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1006/jmbi.1994.1007",
      "10.1073/pnas.1319315110"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "With McAdams and colleagues, mapped the cell-cycle transcriptome and the oscillating CtrA/GcrA master-regulator circuit, and co-authored the Caulobacter genome sequence.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1126/science.290.5499.2144",
      "10.1073/pnas.061029298",
      "10.1126/science.1095191"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Showed that chromosomal loci have specific subcellular positions and are moved in order as they are replicated, and that MipZ couples chromosome segregation to placement of the FtsZ division ring.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1073/pnas.0402606101",
      "10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.038"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Identified the polar organizer PopZ and, with W. E. Moerner and others, characterized PopZ as a biomolecular condensate that selectively sequesters signaling proteins at the cell pole.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.015",
      "10.1038/s41564-019-0647-7",
      "10.1038/s41467-022-33221-z"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Translated this work outside the lab through boron-based anti-infectives (Anacor Pharmaceuticals, with Stephen Benkovic) and long-running advice to U.S. administrations on bioterrorism, antibiotic resistance and emerging infections.",
     "dois": []
    }
   ],
   "quotes": [
    {
     "text": "I found the simplest organism I could, and set out to learn how the multiple components of a living cell work together.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2009/03/top-canadian-prize-goes-to-stanford-scientist-lucy-shapiro-for-bringing-cell-biology-into-three-dimensions.html"
    },
    {
     "text": "I wanted to know how the genetic code, or DNA, that exists in one dimension, is somehow translated into organisms like you and I that occupy space in three dimensions.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2009/03/top-canadian-prize-goes-to-stanford-scientist-lucy-shapiro-for-bringing-cell-biology-into-three-dimensions.html"
    },
    {
     "text": "Our labs are totally integrated. … His students are physicists and engineers, and mine are developmental biologists and microbial geneticists. They work side by side.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/01/lucy-shapiro-to-be-awarded-national-medal-of-science.html"
    }
   ],
   "portrait": null
  },
  {
   "name": "Harley H. McAdams",
   "summary": "Harley H. McAdams is a physicist (Ph.D., Rice University, 1967) who was a department head of systems engineering at Bell Labs before moving to Stanford in 1989, where he became Professor (Research) of Developmental Biology, now emeritus. Starting with a 1995 Science paper with Lucy Shapiro, he brought circuit analysis and simulation to genetic networks, and with Adam Arkin analyzed the stochastic nature of gene expression; he and Shapiro shared the 2009 John Scott Award.",
   "facts": [
    {
     "text": "B.S. in Physics, Texas A&M (1960); M.S. in Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana (1962); M.A. (1965) and Ph.D. (1967) in Physics, Rice University.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/harley-mcadams"
    },
    {
     "text": "Former department head of systems engineering at Bell Labs; he moved with Lucy Shapiro to Stanford in 1989 when she was recruited to found the Department of Developmental Biology.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2025/09/shapiro-lasker.html"
    },
    {
     "text": "According to Shapiro, after the move he worked in the aerospace industry on signaling between Earth and satellites before turning to genetic circuitry.",
     "source": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6668687/"
    },
    {
     "text": "Professor (Research) of Developmental Biology, Emeritus, at Stanford, and a member of Stanford Bio-X.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/harley-mcadams"
    },
    {
     "text": "His and Shapiro's groups began in a spare bedroom of their campus home and later became side-by-side, integrated labs of biologists, geneticists, physicists and electrical engineers.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2025/09/shapiro-lasker.html"
    },
    {
     "text": "Co-inventor, with Adam Arkin and Lucy Shapiro, of U.S. Patent 5,914,891, 'Simulation Tool for Cellular Regulatory Networks' (issued June 22, 1999).",
     "source": "https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4316&name=Lucy_Shapiro"
    },
    {
     "text": "Collaborated with Shapiro and chemist Stephen Benkovic to launch Anacor Pharmaceuticals in Palo Alto.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/01/lucy-shapiro-to-be-awarded-national-medal-of-science.html"
    },
    {
     "text": "Married to Lucy Shapiro, with whom he collaborated for decades.",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/01/lucy-shapiro-to-be-awarded-national-medal-of-science.html"
    }
   ],
   "honors": [
    {
     "year": 2006,
     "name": "Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/harley-mcadams"
    },
    {
     "year": 2009,
     "name": "John Scott Legacy Medal and Premium, City of Philadelphia (shared with Lucy Shapiro; the first married couple to share it)",
     "source": "https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2013/01/lucy-shapiro-to-be-awarded-national-medal-of-science.html"
    }
   ],
   "contributions": [
    {
     "text": "Proposed modeling genetic networks as circuits, integrating biochemical kinetics within a circuit-simulation framework (demonstrated on the phage lambda lysis-lysogeny decision).",
     "dois": [
      "10.1126/science.7624793"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "With Adam Arkin, showed by simulation that proteins are produced in random bursts, so genetic switches can have probabilistic outcomes; extended to the lambda developmental decision.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1073/pnas.94.3.814",
      "10.1093/genetics/149.4.1633",
      "10.1016/s0168-9525(98)01659-x"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Co-led genome-scale analyses of the Caulobacter cell cycle: the cell-cycle transcriptome and the direct CtrA regulon.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1126/science.290.5499.2144",
      "10.1073/pnas.062065699"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Described the architecture of Caulobacter cell-cycle control as a small set of master regulators operating in time and space, and built a hybrid simulation and digital-circuit model showing its robustness.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1126/science.1087694",
      "10.1073/pnas.0805258105",
      "10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.041"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Co-authored genome-wide resources including the essential genome by Tn-seq, the base-pair methylome, transcript and coding maps, and the CauloBrowser database.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1038/msb.2011.58",
      "10.1073/pnas.1319315110",
      "10.1371/journal.pgen.1004463",
      "10.1093/nar/gkv1050"
     ]
    },
    {
     "text": "Studied the physical organization of the chromosome, including models of the Caulobacter chromosome as a supercoiled polymer in cell-like confinement.",
     "dois": [
      "10.1016/j.molcel.2011.09.010",
      "10.1073/pnas.1220824110"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "quotes": [
    {
     "text": "Our research in previous years produced seminal papers that pointed out the stochastic nature of gene transcription and then showed through modeling and analysis the biological consequences of these phenomena. In collaboration with Lucy Shapiro's group we brought a multi-disciplinary approach to analysis of bacterial cell cycle regulation and control.",
     "source": "https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/frdActionServlet?choiceId=printerprofile&profileversion=full&profileId=4403"
    }
   ],
   "portrait": null
  }
 ],
 "timeline": [
  {
   "year": 1935,
   "title": "Henrici & Johnson name the genus Caulobacter",
   "text": "In a study of freshwater stalked bacteria, Henrici and Johnson proposed the genus Caulobacter ('stalked rod'), with C. vibrioides as type species, in J. Bacteriol. 30:61–93.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1128/jb.30.1.61-93.1935"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16559821/",
    "https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/caulobacter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1962,
   "title": "Stove & Stanier: differentiation in stalked bacteria",
   "text": "Stove and Stanier reported on cellular differentiation in stalked bacteria in Nature. Shapiro's 1971 review cites their work, with Poindexter's, as the start of Caulobacter differentiation studies.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/1961189a0"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1038/1961189a0",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5572165/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1964,
   "title": "Poindexter's review; Caulobacter crescentus named",
   "text": "Poindexter's Bacteriological Reviews monograph on the biology and classification of the Caulobacter group is the effective publication of the species name Caulobacter crescentus.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1128/br.28.3.231-295.1964"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14220656/",
    "https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/caulobacter-crescentus"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1971,
   "title": "Caulobacter proposed as a model for differentiation",
   "text": "Shapiro, Agabian-Keshishian and Bendis presented Caulobacter as a model for prokaryotic differentiation: synchronizable cultures, a polar flagellum and stalk, and a phage-adsorption assay to follow the cycle.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.173.4000.884"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5572165/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1977,
   "title": "Density-gradient synchrony; strain NA1000",
   "text": "Evinger and Agabian introduced a Ludox density-gradient method for isolating large quantities of synchronous cells. NA1000, the synchronizable derivative of CB15 used by most laboratories since, is attributed to this work by Marks et al. (2010).",
   "dois": [
    "10.1128/jb.132.1.294-301.1977",
    "10.1128/JB.00255-10"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/334726/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20472802/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1992,
   "title": "Cell-cycle control of the chromosomal origin",
   "text": "Marczynski and Shapiro isolated the C. crescentus replication origin. A plasmid relying on it replicated with a cell-cycle timing resembling the chromosome's, implying closely linked cis-acting control elements.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/0022-2836(92)91045-Q"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1518064/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1993,
   "title": "Proteins have addresses: polar chemoreceptors",
   "text": "Alley, Maddock and Shapiro found new chemoreceptors at the nascent swarmer pole and their targeted proteolysis during differentiation; Maddock and Shapiro showed polar chemoreceptor clusters in E. coli.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.8456303",
    "10.1126/science.8456299"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8456303/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8456299/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1994,
   "title": "CcrM DNA methyltransferase",
   "text": "Zweiger, Marczynski and Shapiro identified CcrM, which methylates adenine in GANTC sites and is expressed only just before division, so chromosomal sites shift from full to hemimethylation as DNA replicates.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1006/jmbi.1994.1007"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8289276/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1995,
   "title": "The flagellar gene hierarchy",
   "text": "Shapiro's Cell review 'The bacterial flagellum: from genetic network to complex architecture' summarized how flagellum biogenesis is coordinated by a regulatory hierarchy of flagellar genes.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/0092-8674(95)90505-7"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7867059/",
    "https://www.the-scientist.com/lasker-award-for-uncovering-spatial-organization-in-bacterial-cells-73443"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1995,
   "title": "Circuit simulation of genetic networks",
   "text": "McAdams and Shapiro proposed modeling genetic networks with circuit simulation integrated with biochemical kinetics, illustrated with the phage lambda lysis-lysogeny circuit; an early systems-biology approach.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.7624793"
   ],
   "people": [
    "McAdams",
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7624793/",
    "https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/pioneering-approach-to-bacterial-cell-biology-national-leadership/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1996,
   "title": "CtrA, an essential cell-cycle regulator",
   "text": "Quon, Marczynski and Shapiro identified CtrA, an essential two-component response regulator controlling cell division, stalk synthesis and cell cycle-regulated transcription, including DNA replication and methylation genes.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80995-2"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8548829/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1997,
   "title": "Stochastic mechanisms in gene expression",
   "text": "McAdams and Arkin's simulations showed that proteins are made from an activated promoter in short random bursts, causing cell-to-cell timing differences and probabilistic outcomes in genetic switches.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1073/pnas.94.3.814"
   ],
   "people": [
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9023339/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1997,
   "title": "Regulated proteolysis drives the G1-S transition",
   "text": "Domian, Quon and Shapiro showed CtrA activity is set by cell type-specific phosphorylation and proteolysis; a stable, constitutively active CtrA blocked the G1-to-S transition.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80502-4"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9267022/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 1998,
   "title": "ClpXP protease is essential for the cell cycle",
   "text": "Jenal and Fuchs showed that the ATP-dependent protease ClpXP is essential in Caulobacter and required for the cell-cycle-dependent degradation of CtrA; mutants arrest before chromosome replication starts.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1093/emboj/17.19.5658"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9755166/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2000,
   "title": "Cell-cycle transcriptome",
   "text": "Laub et al. used microarrays on synchronized cells to find 553 genes (19% of the genome) whose mRNA varied with the cell cycle; CtrA was involved in controlling 26% of them. Later ChIP work found ≥95 direct CtrA targets.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.290.5499.2144",
    "10.1073/pnas.062065699"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11118148/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11930012/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2001,
   "title": "Complete genome sequence",
   "text": "Nierman et al. reported the C. crescentus genome: one circular chromosome of 4,016,942 bp encoding 3,767 genes, including 105 two-component signaling proteins.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1073/pnas.061029298"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11259647/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2003,
   "title": "Crescentin shapes the crescent",
   "text": "Ausmees, Kuhn and Jacobs-Wagner described crescentin, an intermediate filament-like protein required for the curved shape of C. crescentus; without it cells grow as straight rods.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00935-8"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14675535/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2004,
   "title": "Oscillating master regulators: GcrA and CtrA",
   "text": "Holtzendorff et al. identified GcrA as a master regulator whose levels oscillate out of phase with CtrA, forming a circuit that times DNA replication and polar morphogenesis.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.1095191"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15087506/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2004,
   "title": "Chromosomal loci have subcellular addresses",
   "text": "Viollier et al. found that each of 112 chromosomal loci has a specific cellular position, arrayed in order along the cell, and that newly replicated loci move sequentially to their destinations during replication.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1073/pnas.0402606101"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178755/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2006,
   "title": "MipZ positions the division ring",
   "text": "Thanbichler and Shapiro identified MipZ, which binds ParB at the segregating origins and inhibits FtsZ polymerization, restricting the division ring to midcell.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.038"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16839883/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2006,
   "title": "Holdfast adhesion measured",
   "text": "Tsang et al. measured detachment forces of 0.11–2.26 µN for single cells held by the holdfast and estimated >68 N/mm² adhesion strength, which they described as the strongest ever measured for biological adhesives.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1073/pnas.0601705103"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16585522/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2006,
   "title": "CckA–ChpT phosphorelay controls CtrA",
   "text": "Biondi et al. identified the phosphotransferase ChpT and showed that the kinase CckA drives phosphorelays that phosphorylate and stabilize CtrA, within a single integrated cell-cycle circuit with DivK feedback.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/nature05321"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17136100/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2007,
   "title": "A whole-cell uranium biosensor",
   "text": "Hillson et al. engineered C. crescentus to fluoresce in micromolar uranium using the uranium-responsive urcA promoter, and distinguished contaminated from clean groundwater samples from Oak Ridge.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1128/AEM.01566-07"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17905881/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2008,
   "title": "PopZ organizes the cell pole",
   "text": "Two groups identified PopZ: Bowman et al. showed it anchors the origin/ParB complex at the pole; Ebersbach et al. described it as a self-associating hub that organizes multiple polar functions.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.015",
    "10.1016/j.cell.2008.07.016"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18805088/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18805089/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2011,
   "title": "The essential genome by Tn-seq",
   "text": "Christen et al. combined hyper-saturated transposon mutagenesis with sequencing to map essential elements at 8-bp resolution: 1,012 features including 480 ORFs, 402 regulatory sequences and 130 non-coding elements.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/msb.2011.58"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878915/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2013,
   "title": "Mapping chromosome structure (5C and Hi-C)",
   "text": "After 5C-based 3D models of the genome (Umbarger et al., 2011), Le et al. applied Hi-C and found the chromosome organized into multiple, largely independent spatial domains.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.1242059",
    "10.1016/j.molcel.2011.09.010"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158908/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22017872/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2013,
   "title": "Base-pair methylome through the cell cycle",
   "text": "Kozdon et al. used SMRT sequencing at five cell-cycle time points to follow the methylation state of 4,515 GANTC sites, which moved from full to hemimethylation as replication forks advanced.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1073/pnas.1319315110"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24218615/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2014,
   "title": "Coding and noncoding genome architecture",
   "text": "Schrader et al. combined ribosome profiling, RNA-seq, global 5'-RACE and mass spectrometry to map transcripts and translation start sites at near-complete coverage; most start codons lacked Shine-Dalgarno sites.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1371/journal.pgen.1004463"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro",
    "McAdams"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25078267/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2015,
   "title": "c-di-GMP as a cell-cycle oscillator",
   "text": "Building on PleD, a polar diguanylate cyclase (2004), Lori et al. showed c-di-GMP binds the kinase CckA and switches it to phosphatase mode at the G1-S transition, driving replication.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/nature14473",
    "10.1101/gad.289504"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25945741/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15075296/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2017,
   "title": "How Caulobacter senses a surface",
   "text": "Two Science papers: Ellison et al. found that resisting pilus retraction triggers holdfast synthesis; Hug et al. found the flagellar motor acts as a tactile sensor that stimulates c-di-GMP production.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1126/science.aan5706",
    "10.1126/science.aan5353"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29074778/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29074777/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2018,
   "title": "BR-bodies: bacterial RNA condensates",
   "text": "Al-Husini et al. showed that Caulobacter RNase E assembles liquid-liquid phase-separated ribonucleoprotein bodies (BR-bodies) that act as sites of mRNA decay, analogous to eukaryotic P-bodies.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.003"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30197298/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2020,
   "title": "PopZ microdomain sequesters signaling proteins",
   "text": "Lasker, von Diezmann et al. combined single-molecule tracking and modeling to show that the ~200 nm PopZ microdomain at the pole selectively concentrates phospho-signaling proteins, including the kinase CckA.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/s41564-019-0647-7"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31959967/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2022,
   "title": "PopZ condensates: material state tunes function",
   "text": "Lasker, Boeynaems et al. showed PopZ condensate material properties, from liquid to solid, tune function; Saurabh et al. showed ATP depletion promotes phase separation of these bacterial condensates.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/s41467-022-33221-z",
    "10.1126/sciadv.abm6570"
   ],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36163138/",
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35171683/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2025,
   "title": "Caulobacter in evolutionary and ecological context",
   "text": "Hallgren et al. compared hundreds of Caulobacterales species, finding widespread phototrophy genes and convergent loss of dimorphism traits among close relatives of C. crescentus.",
   "dois": [
    "10.1038/s41467-025-65642-x"
   ],
   "people": [],
   "sources": [
    "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41387397/"
   ]
  },
  {
   "year": 2025,
   "title": "Lasker~Koshland Special Achievement Award to Shapiro",
   "text": "Lucy Shapiro received the 2025 Lasker~Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science, recognizing her discoveries on bacterial asymmetric division, Stanford's Developmental Biology department and national leadership.",
   "dois": [],
   "people": [
    "Shapiro"
   ],
   "sources": [
    "https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/pioneering-approach-to-bacterial-cell-biology-national-leadership/"
   ]
  }
 ],
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}